The 37-year-old, who is the second highest run scorer in Test history after Sachin Tendulkar, will play his 168th Test in Perth on Friday.
"I haven't been performing consistently over the last 12 to 18 months," he said. "I believe now is the right time.
"This is a decision not made by the selectors, it was made by me."
Ponting has scored 13,366 runs at an average of 52.21 in his career, but he has struggled for form in the current series with South Africa.
He scored just 20 runs in the two drawn Test matches and, despite receiving the support of Coach Mickey Arthur, he decided to make way.
The Tasmanian admitted that his recent poor form had prompted the decision to call time on an international career that began in 1995.
"It's a decision I thought long and hard about. It was based on my output and my results in this series so far. It hasn't been what I expect of myself and certainly not the level required of a batsman in the Australia team," he said.
"I've said all along that I would continue to play as long as I could continue to make a contribution to wins, and I think over the last couple of weeks my performance has not been good enough to do that," he added.
"I've given cricket my all, it's been my life for 20 years, there's not much more I can give."
Australia captain Michael Clarke was close to tears as he paid tribute to his predecessor, who stepped down from the Test captaincy last year and retired from one-day cricket in February,
"The boys are obviously hurting at the moment. He's been an amazing player for a long time," Clarke said.
Ponting took over the one-day captaincy in 2002 and replaced Steve Waugh as Test captain in 2004. He went on to become Australia's most successful skipper with 48 Test wins.
After defeat in the 2005 Ashes series in England, Ponting led Australia to a 5-0 whitewash in the return series in 2007, topping the run charts with 576 runs at an average of 82.28.
Two more Ashes defeats followed in 2009 and 2010-11, and Ponting gave up the Australian captaincy after a quarter-final World Cup defeat to India in March 2011.
In the one-day game, Ponting guided Australia to back-to-back World Cup titles in 2003 and 2007, having won the trophy as a player in 1999.
Ponting plans to continue playing for Tasmania in the Sheffield Shield competition and the Hobart Hurricanes in the Big Bash League, and will play for the Prime Minister's XI against Sri Lanka later in the summer.
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